Twelve Steps to Cash Flow Budgeting

How much financing will your farm business require this year? When will money be needed and from where will it come? A little advance planning can help avoid short-term shortages of cash. One useful tool for planning the use of capital in the farm business is a cash flow budget.

A cash flow budget is an estimate of all cash receipts and all cash expenditures that are expected to occur during a certain time period. Estimates can be made monthly, bimonthly, or quarterly, and can include nonfarm income and expenditures as well as farm items. Cash flow budgeting looks only at money movement, though, not at net income or profitability.

A cash flow budget is a useful management tool because it:

• forces you to think through your farming plans for the year
• tests your farming plans, such as if you will produce enough income to meet all your cash needs
• projects how much operating credit you will need and when projects when loans can be repaid
• provides a guide against which you can compare your actual cash flows

Absorption and Marginal Costing

Before creating business plans or when evaluating existing ones it is important to 'scan' the external environment. This takes the form of a SLEPT analysis, i.e. an investigation of the Social, Legal, Economic, Political, and Technological influences on a business. In addition it is also important to be aware of the actions of your competitors. These forces are continually in a state of change. Social factors relate to pattern of behaviour, tastes, and lifestyles. A major component of this is a change in consumer behaviour resulting from changes in fashions and styles. The age structure of the population also alters over time (currently we have an ageing population). An understanding of social change gives business a better feel for the future market situation.
Laws are continually being updated in a wide range of areas, e.g. consumer protection legislation, environmental legislation, health & safety and employment law, etc. Businesses

Budgeting and cash flow

Budgets are statements setting out the planned performance of a business typically in a table made up of numbers. Usually these plans deal with money units (£'s/pence) but they can also consist of other measurable units e.g. units of output. Creating a budget enables an organisation (like Kraft) to plan ahead and then to check on its performance against budgeted figures.
The difference between budgeted figures and actual figures is termed a variance.
Variance is an important management tool because it enables businesses to manage their business - i.e. to take informed decisions based on management information (i.e. how actual performance compares with budgeted performance).eg; either favourable or unfavourable. A favourable variance is one where actual business performance proves to be

Stock valuation and depreciation

Stocks consist of all materials held for eventual resale, whether these be raw materials, work in progress or stocks of finished goods. The accounting standard SSAP 9 sets out that stocks should be valued at whichever is the lower of cost or net realisable values.
The standard defines cost as 'that expenditure which has been incurred in the normal course of business in bringing the product or service to its present location and condition'.
For a trading business such as a retailer, cost will therefore be the purchase price plus the cost of delivery to the retail store. For a manufacturing business, the cost of finished goods will be the direct costs of labour, materials and expenses, and in addition will include factory overheads absorbed into the product.
Net realisable value is the selling price of the stock less all further costs to be incurred before a sale is

Balance Sheet (overview)

A balance sheet is a statement of the total assets and liabilities of an organisation at a particular date- usually the last date of an accounting period.

The balance sheet is split into two parts:

(1) A statement of fixed assets, current assets and the liabilities (sometimes referred to as "Net Assets")

(2) A statement showing how the Net Assets have been financed, for example through share capital and retained profits.

The Companies Act requires the balance sheet to be included in the published financial accounts of all limited companies. In reality, all other organisations that need to prepare accounting information for external users (e.g. charities, clubs, partnerships) will also product a

What is ‘finance theory’?

This part of the curriculum looks at the whole area of management Human Resources within an organisation - from understanding what an organisation needs in terms of human resources (numbers, skills etc) to acquiring and retaining those resources. This includes:

• Organisational structure - identifying which structure is most relevant to delivering an organisation's objectives (hierarchy, flat, matrix) and the benefits/constraints of each.

• Workforce planning - the process of evaluating the current and future human resource needs both in terms of numbers of people and skills and competencies to ensure current product/service supply and future succession planning

Accounting concepts

Accounts are records of financial transactions. Information that is used in accounts is initially entered into books of prime entry, which may simply be paper or computer records. This helps with financial planning. From there the information will be entered into a double entry system in a book (or computer programme) called the ledger. Each account is kept on a separate page in the ledger, and every account has two sides - a debit and a credit side. Information will then be extracted so that it can be presented in a financial report.

The accounting equation. An essential component of accounting is what is referred to as the accounting equation, which in a nutshell means that the assets of the organisation (what it owns
or is owed by others) is equal to the liabilities of the organisation (what it owes). 

Requirements to become a Chartered Accountant

Requirements to become a Chartered Accountant:
1. Through CPT route:
(i) Enrol with the Institute for Common Proficiency Course (CPC) after passing class 10th
examination conducted by an examining body constituted by law in
India or an
examination recognized by the Central Government as equivalent thereto.
(ii) Appear in CPT examination after appearing in the Senior Secondary Examination (10+2
examination) conducted by an examining body constituted by law in India or an
examination recognised by the Central Government as equivalent thereto and after
completion of specified period (60 days) from the date of registration for CPC with the

International Financial Reporting Standards

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are designed as a common global language for business affairs so that company accounts are understandable and comparable across international boundaries. They are a consequence of growing international shareholding and trade and are particularly important for companies that have dealings in several countries. They are progressively replacing the many different national accounting standards. The rules to be followed by accountants to maintain books of accounts which is comparable, understandable, reliable and relevant as per the users internal or external.
IFRS began as an attempt to harmonise accounting across the European Union but the value of harmonisation quickly made the concept attractive around the world. They are sometimes still called by the

List of Indian Accounting Standards

List of Indian Accounting Standards

The following are the mandatory Accounting Standards (AS) as on July 1, 2012 as listed on the site of The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) -
'*AS 1 Disclosure of Accounting policies"
*AS 2 Valuation of Inventories
*AS 3 Cash Flow Statement
*AS 4 Contingencies and Events Occurring after the Balance Sheet Date
*AS 5 Net Profit or Loss for the period,Prior Period Items and Changes in Accounting Policies
* AS 6 Depreciation Accounting
*AS 7 Construction Contracts (revised 2002)'''

Indian Accounting Standards

Indian Accounting Standards, (abbreviated as india AS) are a set of accounting standards notified by the Ministry of Corporate Affairswhich are converged with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). These accounting standards are formulated by Accounting Standards Board of Institute of Chartered Accountants of India. Now India will have two sets of accounting standards viz. existing accounting standards under Companies (Accounting Standard) Rules, 2006 and IFRS converged Indian Accounting Standards(Ind AS). The Ind AS are named and numbered in the same way as the corresponding IFRS. NACAS recommend these standards to the Ministry of Corporate Affairs. The Ministry of Corporate Affairs has to spell out the accounting standards applicable for companies in India. As on date the Ministry of Corporate

Accounting - Introduction

Accountancy or accounting is the system of recording, verifying, and reporting of the value of assets, liabilities, income, and expenses in the books of account (ledger) to which debit and credit entries (recognizing transactions) are chronologically posted to record changes in value. Such financial information is primarily used by lenders, managers, investors, tax authorities and other decision makers to make resource allocation decisions between and within companies, organizations, and public agencies. Accounting has been defined by the AICPA as " The art of recording, classifying, and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are, in part at least, of financial character, and interpreting the results thereof."

Financial accounting is one branch of accounting and historically has involved processes by which financial information about a business is recorded, classified, summarised, interpreted, and communicated; for public companies, this information is generally publicly-accessible. By contrast management accounting information is used within an organization and is usually confidential and accessible only to a small group, mostly decision-makers. Open-book Accounting aims to improve accounting transparency. Tax Accounting is the